A new method of determining factors affecting arterial blood pressure indices among young adults with Sickle Cell Anaemia and Haemoglobin AA in Nigeria
Conteúdo do artigo principal
Resumo
Sickle Cell Anaemia (SCA) is a genetic blood disorder caused by a mutation in the haemoglobin gene, leading to the production of abnormal haemoglobin known as haemoglobin S. This abnormal haemoglobin causes red blood cells to become rigid, sticky, and shaped like a crescent or sickle, which obstructs blood flow and leads to various complications such as pain, infections, and potential damage to nerves and organs (kidneys, liver and spleen). This research utilizes a two-level factorial experiment to evaluate the impact of four major factors (Age, Sex, Genotype, and Rhythm) on six distinct blood pressure (BP) indices: Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), Pulse Rate (PR), Pulse Pressure (PP), Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), and Rate Pressure Product (RPP). The experimental units consist of young adults with Sickle Cell Anaemia (SCA) and Haemoglobin AA (HbAA). The results of the analysis indicate that Age and Genotype are the major significant factors affecting blood pressure (BP) indices. Meanwhile, Pulse Pressure (PP) appears to be more sensitive to the aforementioned factors when compared to SBP or DBP. Also, the interaction effects between Age and Genotype, and between Age and Sex demonstrate clinical relevance. Importantly, these results highlight the importance of early detection of abnormal cardiovascular symptoms and open ways for further heart disease diagnostic tests and treatments in young adults. It is also worthwhile to note that Pulse Pressure (PP) provides a more comprehensive measure for abnormal cardiovascular detection within young adults.
Detalhes do artigo
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Referências
[1] Adewoyin, A. S. (2015), Management of sickle cell disease: A review for physician education in Nigeria (sub-Saharan Africa), Anaemia, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/791498
[2] Asafa, M. A., Ahmed I. O., Ogunlade, O. and Bolarinwa R. A. (2023). Arterial blood pressure indices among young adults with sickle cell anaemia in Nigeria, Journal of Cardiology and Current Research. 16(5), 122-126 DOI:10.15406/jccr.2023.16.00590
[3] Blinder, M. A., Vekeman, F., Sasane, M., Trahey, A., Paley, C., and Duh, M. S. (2013). Age-related treatment patterns in sickle cell disease patients and the associated healthcare resource utilization and costs. Pediatric Blood & Cancer, 60(5), 828-835. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.24458.
[4] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2021). Sickle Cell Disease. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/sicklecell/facts.html.
[5] Daniel, C., andWilcoxon, F. (1966), Factorial 2(k – p) fractional replication, Biometrics, 22(3), 579-590. DOI: 10.2307/2528285.
[6] Fisher, R. A. (1935). Design of Experiments, Oliver and Boyd. London 4th Ed. 125p.
[7] Grosse, S. D., Odame, I., Atrash, H. K., Amendah, D. D., Piel, F. B., andWilliams, T. N. (2011). Sickle cell disease in Africa: A neglected cause of early childhood mortality. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 41(6), S398-S405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.09.013.
[8] Gyamfi, J., Anie, K. A., Aygun, B., Armah, G., and Olayemi, E. (2021). Systematic review of randomized controlled trials implementing evidence-based interventions for sickle cell disease management in low and middle-income countries.BMC Health Services Research, 21(1), 742. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246700
[9] Hall, J. E. (2021). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (14th ed.). www.books.google.com
[10] Inusa, B.P., Hsu, L.L., Kohli, N., Patel, A., Ominu-Evbota, K., Anie, K.A. and Atoyebi, W., (2019). Sickle cell disease—genetics, pathophysiology, clinical presentation and treatment. International journal of neonatal screening, 5(2), p.20. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijns5020020
[11] Kumar, V., Abbas, A. K., Aster, J. C., and Perkins, J. A. (2021). Robbins & Cotran pathologic basis of disease (11th ed.). www.books.google.com
[12] Liem, R. I., Lanzkron, S., D Coates, T., et al. (2017). Cardiovascular complications of sickle cell disease in older adults: Recognition and management. Blood, 129(14), 1695-1700. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2016-09-737890.
[13] Mengnjo, M. K., Kamtchum-Tatuene, J., Nicastro, N., Noubiap, J. J. N. (2016). Neurological complications of sickle cell disease in Africa: protocol for a systematic review, BMJ Open; 6:6e012981. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012981.
[14] Montgomery, D. C. (2017),Design and analysis of experiments, JohnWiley & Sons.
www.books.google.com
[15] Saka A. J. (2021), Determination of factors influencing the activities of PR interval on the Electrocardiogram (ECG) in an experiment of the factorial type, International journal of Clinical Biostatistics and Biometrics, 7:041. doi. org/10.23937/2469-5831/1510041.
[16] Smith, Y. (2021, March 27). Sickle-cell disease pathophysiology, News-Medical. Retrieved July 29, 2024, from
https://www.news-medical.net/health/Sickle-Cell-Disease-Pathophysiology.aspx.
[17] World Health Organization. (2020). Sickle Cell Disease: A Strategy for the WHO African Region. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sickle-cell-disease.
[18] Lugo-Mataa, A. R., Urich-Landetaa, A. L., Andrades-Péreza, A. S, León-Dugartea, M. J, Marcano-Acevedoa, L. A., Jofreed-Guillena, M. H: (2017). Factors associated with the level of knowledge about hypertension in primary care patients, Medicina Universitaria. 2017;19(77): 184-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmu.2017.10.008
[19] Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration. (2003). Blood Pressure Indices and Cardiovascular Disease in the Asia Pacific Region: A Pooled Analysis, American Heart Association, Inc. 2003, 69-75. DOI: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000075083.04415.4B
[20] Sauma, A. W., Sriagustini, I. Fitriani, S., Hidayani, W. R.,and Malabanan, L. M. (2022). The Analysis of Factors Influencing Hypertension on Elderly: A Literature Study, Journal of Public Health Sciences (JPHS) 1(1), 16-29. DOI: 10.56741/jphs.v1i01.45
[21] Piel, F. B., Steinberg, M. H., and Rees, D. C. (2017). Sickle cell disease. The New England Journal of Medicine, 376(16), 1561–1573. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1510865
[22] Quinn, C.T., 2016. Minireview: clinical severity in sickle cell disease: the challenges of definition
and prognostication. Experimental biology and medicine, 241(7), pp.679-688. DOI: 10.1177/1535370216640385
[23] Platt, O.S., Brambilla, D.J., Rosse, W.F., Milner, P.F., Castro, O., Steinberg, M.H. and Klug, P.P., (1994). Mortality in sickle cell disease–life expectancy and risk factors for early death. New England Journal of Medicine, 330(23), pp.1639-1644. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199406093302303
[24] Rees, D.C.,Williams, T.N. and Gladwin, M.T., (2010). Sickle-cell disease. The Lancet, 376(9757), pp.2018-2031. DOI:10.1016/S01406736(10)61029-X
[25] Winkler, T.W.,Wiegrebe, S., Herold, J.M., Stark, K.J., Küchenhoff, H., and Heid, I.M. (2024). Genetic-by-age interaction analyses on complex traits in UK Biobank and their potential to identify effects on longitudinal trait change. Genome Biology, 25(1), p.300. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-024-03439-9
[26] Yawn, B.P., Buchanan, G.R., Afenyi-Annan, A.N., Ballas, S.K., Hassell, K.L., James, A.H., Jordan, L., Lanzkron, S.M., Lottenberg, R., Savage, W.J. and Tanabe, P.J., (2014). Management of sickle cell disease: summary of the 2014 evidence-based report by expert panel members. Jama, 312(10), pp.1033-1044. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/1902235/jsc140004.pdf
[27] Kolo, P.M., Sanya, E.O., Olanrewaju, T.O., Fawibe, A.E. and Soladoye, A., 2013. Cardiac autonomic dysfunction in sickle cell anaemia and its correlation with QT parameters. Nigerian Medical Journal, 54(6), pp.382-385. DOI: 10.4103/0300-1652.126288
[28] Simino, J., Shi, G., Bis, J.C., Chasman, D.I., Ehret, G.B., Gu, X., Guo, X., Hwang, S.J., Sijbrands, E., Smith, A.V. and Verwoert, G.C., 2014. Gene-age interactions in blood pressure regulation: a large-scale investigation with the CHARGE, Global BPgen, and ICBP Consortia. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 95(1), pp.24-38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.05.010
[29] CKDGen Consortium, KidneyGen Consortium, EchoGen consortium, CHARGE-HF consortium, Aspelund, T., Garcia, M., Chang, Y.P.C., O’Connell, J.R., Steinle, N.I. and Grobbee, D.E., 2011. Genetic variants in novel pathways influence blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risk. Nature, 478(7367), pp.103-109. www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature10405
[30] Shi, G., Gu, C.C., Kraja, A.T., Arnett, D.K., Myers, R.H., Pankow, J.S., Hunt, S.C. and Rao, D.C., 2009. Genetic effect on blood pressure is modulated by age: the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network Study. Hypertension, 53(1), pp.35-41. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.120071